If they knowingly pass a counterfeit bill, yes.
But this is a tip, not a payment so there’s no agreed upon amount that is supposed to be left.
Also, this isn’t a counterfeit bill, since it’s easily distinguishable from legal currency.
Is leaving a clickbaity political flyer in place of a tip a scummy thing to do? Absolutely. But it’s not illegal.
Except a tip isn’t a contractual transaction, so there’s nothing illegal happening. They just left a clickbaity political flyer. There’s no difference between leaving this and leaving Chick Tracts, other than this one makes you double take before throwing it out.
If they tried to pay for the meal with it, there’d be a legal problem since they’re trying to pass it off as money.